| Authors | B K NAGARAJA |
|---|---|
| Article Type | Research Article |
| Language | English |
| Journal | North Asian International Research Journal of Sciences, Engineering & I.T. |
| ISSN | 2454-7514 |
| Volume | 11 |
| Issue | 1 |
| Pages | 40-3 |
| Publication Year | 2025 |
| Publication Date | January 01, 2025 |
| DOI URL | https://doiglobal.org/10.2025/NAIRJCSEIT.008 |
Emerging zoonotic infectious diseases constitute a major challenge to microbiology, medicine, veterinary science, and global public health. Zoonotic pathogens are microorganisms naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and humans, while emerging zoonoses include newly recognized infections as well as known diseases showing changes in geographical distribution, incidence, host range, or epidemiological characteristics. The emergence of zoonotic infections results from complex interactions among microorganisms, animal reservoirs, vectors, human hosts, and environmental conditions. Ecological disruption, deforestation, agricultural intensification, wildlife contact, urbanization, climate change, international travel, population growth, and microbial evolution may alter opportunities for pathogens to cross species barriers. Recent scientific work emphasizes that spillover is a multistage process rather than a single event and requires alignment of ecological exposure and biological susceptibility. This review examines the microbiological foundations of zoonotic disease emergence, mechanisms of pathogen spillover, microbial adaptation, reservoir hosts, vectors, and important examples of emerging viral and bacterial zoonoses. Particular attention is given to influenza viruses, coronaviruses, Nipah virus, Ebola and Marburg viruses, rabies virus, zoonotic hepatitis viruses, Leptospira, Brucella, Salmonella, and other microorganisms of public-health significance. The paper further examines conventional culture, serology, polymerase chain reaction, next-generation sequencing, metagenomic analysis, genomic epidemiology, and biosurveillance for detecting emerging pathogens. Prevention requires surveillance at human-animal-environment interfaces, improved laboratory capacity, vaccination, vector control, biosafety, responsible land and agricultural management, rapid outbreak investigation, and international cooperation. A One Health approach integrating human, animal, and environmental health provides the most comprehensive framework for reducing future zoonotic threats.
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DOI: 10.2025/NAIRJCSEIT.008
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North Asian International Research Journal of Sciences, Engineering & I.T.
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