| Authors | B K NAGARAJA |
|---|---|
| Article Type | Research Article |
| Language | English |
| Journal | North Asian International Research Journal of Sciences, Engineering & I.T. |
| ISSN | 2454-7514 |
| Volume | 9 |
| Issue | 3 |
| Pages | 35-60 |
| Publication Year | 2023 |
| Publication Date | January 01, 2023 |
| DOI URL | https://doiglobal.org/10.2023/NAIRJCSEIT.005 |
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as one of the most serious challenges confronting modern medicine and public health. The widespread and often inappropriate use of antimicrobial agents in human medicine, veterinary practice, agriculture, and food production has accelerated the selection and dissemination of resistant microorganisms. Pathogenic bacteria employ a wide range of resistance mechanisms, including enzymatic drug inactivation, alteration of antimicrobial targets, reduced membrane permeability, active efflux, biofilm formation, and acquisition of resistance genes through horizontal gene transfer. Of particular concern is the global spread of multidrug-resistant organisms such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales, and resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii. These organisms are increasingly associated with prolonged hospitalization, treatment failure, higher healthcare expenditure, and increased morbidity and mortality. This review examines the microbiological basis of antimicrobial resistance, major mechanisms responsible for bacterial resistance, important multidrug-resistant pathogens, factors contributing to the emergence and transmission of AMR, laboratory approaches for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and the clinical and public-health consequences of resistance. It further evaluates antimicrobial stewardship, infection prevention, surveillance, rapid molecular diagnostics, bacteriophage therapy, antimicrobial peptides, CRISPR-based approaches, vaccines, nanotechnology, and the development of novel antimicrobial agents as potential strategies for controlling resistant infections. The review emphasizes that AMR cannot be addressed exclusively through the discovery of new antibiotics. Acoordinated One Health approach integrating human health, animal health, agriculture, environmental management, microbiological surveillance, infection prevention, responsible antimicrobial use, and sustained research is essential. Strengthening diagnostic microbiology laboratories and establishing evidence-based antimicrobial policies will be particularly important for preserving the effectiveness of existing antimicrobial agents and reducing the future burden of resistant bacterial infections.
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DOI: 10.2023/NAIRJCSEIT.005
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North Asian International Research Journal of Sciences, Engineering & I.T.
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